Aihole Temples: From Prehistory to History, Ruins to Revival

Nestled along the Malaprabha River in the Bagalkot district of North Karnataka, lies an extensive assemblage of temples, shrines, and scattered megaliths. Aihole is a land that has borne witness to the evolution of stone sculpting over thousands of years. Structures here brim with historical and prehistoric significance.

Dolmens of Aihole I Source: Wikimedia Commons

Centuries ago, as the prehistoric era drew to a close, particularly during the Mesolithic and Neolithic ages, people across various regions of the world used megaliths to construct dolmens, commemorating their deceased at burial sites. Dolmens are essentially structures crafted from large, rough stones, often resembling a table, which imparts the appearance of a towering yet unrefined mausoleum guarding the resting place underneath.

Such dolmens are abundantly scattered across the Aihole region of North Karnataka. They are strewn throughout Aihole, and walking amidst them may invoke the sensation of traversing a pathway through a cemetery, surrounded by lofty tombs.

A Small Shrine in Aihole I Source: Wikimedia Commons

These dolmens not only served as protection for the prehistoric departed but also found diverse utility in subsequent eras. In the 6th century, the Early Chalukya dynasty ascended to prominence in the Deccan plateau. It was during the reign of the Chalukyas that Aihole underwent substantial development and habitation.

These rulers displayed a spirit of experimentation in constructing temples and shrines, and the craftsmen employed under their patronage were truly exceptional. The creativity of these artisans was such that they even repurposed some of the prehistoric dolmens. Altered dolmens offered shade and shelter to the temple architects and workers as they toiled diligently, contributing to the creation of some of South India's most splendid temples.

Kunti Gudi Temple Cluster I Source: Wikimedia Commons

The Chalukyas erected a multitude of temples in the Aihole region, with some still being unearthed by contemporary archaeologists and historians. One prevalent form of temple architecture they embraced in this area was the single-cell shrines - small temples comprising a single structure, a doorway, and a deity inside. Many of these shrines are situated near the dolmens, indicating that the craftsmen involved in their construction likely resided in the dolmens during the building process.

Of course, there are also larger temples, primarily dedicated to Hindu deities. Notably, the Kunti Gudi houses sculptures of Shiva and Parvati, accompanied by the mythological bull Nandi.

Meguti Jain Temple I Source: Wikimedia Commons

Aihole stands as a testament to the Chalukyas' inclusive approach to religion. In the vicinity of the Hindu temples, a few Jain temples and a Buddhist place of worship were constructed.

While many of these structures now lie in ruins, one particular Jain temple proudly stands atop Meguti Hill, surrounded by remnants of Aihole's once-spectacular fort.

The Buddhist temple adds an intriguing dimension. More akin to a cave than a temple, it features storeys. Unfortunately, any other Buddhist structures that might have existed are now reduced to ruins.

Aihole Durga Temple I Source: Wikimedia Commons

The Durga Temple stands as the primary attraction for tourists in Aihole. Remarkably well-preserved, it has a breathtaking garden that complements its architectural grandeur. The carvings on the temple's exterior bear witness to the meticulous craftsmanship of artisans during the Chalukyan era, providing an engrossing experience for visitors with a deep appreciation for historical stone sculptures.

The relief panels on the temple walls depict various forms of Shiva, Vishnu, and other Vedic-age deities. Additionally, a captivating ceiling boasts intricate stone sculpting.

Aihole Museum I Source: Wikimedia Commons

While the focus on preserving a select few temples in Aihole has pushed many other structures into the oblivion of ruins, the Archaeological Society of India (ASI) has established a museum within the Durga Temple complex. Here, certain scattered pieces from the ruins have been carefully relocated, offering tourists the opportunity to feast their eyes on exquisite sculptures from the Chalukyan era.

The ASI has also undertaken the restoration of several smaller temples that are in the vicinity of the main Durga Temple. However, Aihole encompasses a vast area and many ruins remain undiscovered or are situated within the heart of the village. Collecting, restoring, or relocating them poses a challenge due to the proximity of human habitation to the temple precinct.

Some experts propose the idea of relocating the village itself, which, unsurprisingly, presents a significant challenge. Currently, the most immersive experience for an aficionado of medieval history is to wander through the ruins, appreciating the raw essence of the artefacts strewn around.